Fake news and botnets: how Russia weaponised the web

In April and May 2007, Estonia was hit by a major digital attack that disrupted websites and services belonging to parliament, universities, newspapers, government offices and Hansabank. The attacks included distributed denial-of-service activity, email barrages, automated queries, website defacement and automated calls that overloaded telephone numbers. The source attributes the attacks to Russia, while noting that no one claimed responsibility.